Atlantic Maritime Academy

Katia is now a Category 3 hurricane, pounding through the Atlantic and is expected to send rough surf and strong rip currents along beaches from North Carolina to Maine in the next few days.   “We’re looking at rip currents becoming more dangerous," said Andy Mussoline of AccuWeather.   This column is about rip tides, rip currents and undertows.  Lest one of us comes to grief…

Undertow v Rip Tide v Rip Currents

Anybody that has ever been to a beach understands undertow.  It is the backwash as gravity returns a breaking wave to the sea.  All but small children can stand against it – and its effect ends at the leading edge of the next breaking wave.  While it might knock you down and thus “suck” you under, it won’t pull you out to sea.  Our mothers didn’t know that because they confused undertow with rip tides and rip currents.

A rip tide is the result of tides and the egress and ingress of large volumes of water flowing through inlets, estuaries, and bays.  As facts would have it, most people don’t swim near inlets or where bays meet the sea.  They swim near beaches, where sand bars often form, and where rip currents, “the killer current”, form in concert.

The Anatomy of a Rip Current
Rip currents are by far the biggest killers of ocean swimmers.  Rip currents form as waves disperse along the beach causing water to become trapped between the beach and a sandbar or other underwater feature.  This water becomes the “feeder” that creates the deadly force of the rip current.  The water converges into a narrow, river-like channel moving away from the shore at high speed.  (see exhibit 1)

Marine scientists define a rip current as having a “neck” (the river-like channel moving away from the shore) and a “head” that is often defined by an unusual disturbance or choppiness in the water and by murky discoloration caused by sand and debris.  As the water, and swimmer, reaches the “head”, the velocity and strength of the rip current circulation begins to weaken considerably.

Can I See a Rip Current?
Often, yes.  As a result of the current’s speed, sand is forced into suspension often causing a rip current to be associated with “dirty” water.  It is characterized by a strong, localized current flowing seaward from the shore; visible as an agitated band of water, which is the return movement of water piled up on the shore by incoming waves.  

Most Importantly, Can I Get Out of the Grip of a Rip Current?
If you don’t panic, and play the water’s power to your advantage, yes.  Don’t try to swim back to shore against the rip current that is dragging you out.  Most likely, you will tire beyond recovery and drowning, flatly put, will follow as surely as night follows day.  Swim with and across the rip current.  Let it give you some speed – as you “exit – stage left!”  Or right – but get out of the grip of the current and into “normal” water.  Then, deal with the hand you’ve been dealt – swim back, or just tread water while waving your arms for help, or just float and rest.  This is why swimming with a “buddy system” is so critical…  (See exhibit 2)

We missed Katia.  But she isn’t done with us yet.